Plain partitions are rigid: growing one usually means repartitioning and moving data. LVM (Logical Volume Manager) adds a flexible layer between disks and filesystems so you can pool space from several disks, grow volumes online and take snapshots. Software RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) with mdadm combines disks for redundancy or speed without a hardware controller. Both are core Linux+ storage skills, and they are often used together.
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