Encryption can be applied at different levels of granularity, from an entire drive down to a single field in a database. Choosing the right level matters because each one protects against different threats and has different costs in performance and management. The key question to ask is: when is the data decrypted, and who can see it once it is? A control that protects a stolen laptop may do nothing against an attacker who logs in as a valid user. SY0-701 lists full disk, partition, volume, file, database and record encryption, plus transport encryption for data in motion.
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