Many network tickets start with a single user who cannot connect. Before you look at switches or routers, verify what the client itself believes: its IP address, mask, default gateway and DNS (Domain Name System) servers, and whether it is actually connected at Layers 1 and 2. The CCNA expects you to know the verification commands on the three common desktop operating systems and to interpret their output quickly, because a single line such as a 169.254 address or a missing gateway often tells you where the real fault is.
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