A public IP address is a separate Azure resource that you associate with something that must be reachable from, or appear from, the internet: a virtual machine's network interface, a public load balancer, a VPN gateway, Application Gateway, Azure Bastion, Azure Firewall or a NAT gateway. Because it is its own resource, you can keep the address when you delete or replace the resource it was attached to, which matters when partners, DNS records or firewall allow-lists depend on that exact address.
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