Command-line tools: cd, dir, md, rmdir, robocopy, xcopy, diskpart, format, chkdsk, sfc, DISM, gpupdate, gpresult, net use, net user, whoami, winver, shutdown, ipconfig, ping, tracert, pathping, nslookup, netstat, hostname

The Windows command line (Command Prompt, cmd, or PowerShell, which runs most of the same commands) is faster than the graphical interface for many tasks and is essential for scripting and remote work. Some commands need an elevated prompt: right-click Command Prompt or Terminal and choose 'Run as administrator'. Add /? to any command to see its help, for example robocopy /?. The exam lists these commands and expects you to know what each does and which switch performs a common task. Start with file and folder navigation: cd changes directory (cd .. goes up one level, cd \ goes to the root of the drive). dir lists a folder's contents (dir /a includes hidden and system files). md (or mkdir) makes a directory and rmdir (or rd) removes one; rmdir /s removes it with all its contents. xcopy copies files and directory trees (/s for subfolders, /e including empty ones). robocopy (Robust File Copy) is the more powerful replacement: it can resume after interruptions, retry, preserve permissions and timestamps, and mirror folders with /mir, which makes it the choice for migrations and large backups. Be careful with /mir, because it also deletes files at the destination that no longer exist at the source.