A vulnerability is a weakness that could be exploited: missing patches, insecure configurations, default passwords, outdated software. Vulnerability scanning uses automated tools to check systems for known weaknesses and report them, so they can be fixed before attackers find them. It is a core part of vulnerability management, the ongoing cycle of identifying, analyzing, prioritizing, remediating and verifying. Security+ expects you to understand how scans are run, how to read and prioritize results, and the standard names and scores used to describe vulnerabilities.
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