User-ID usually learns who is behind an IP address silently, from domain controllers, GlobalProtect or syslog. Sometimes that is not enough: a contractor's laptop is not on the domain, a guest network has no directory at all, or a sensitive server should demand fresh proof of identity, possibly with multi-factor authentication (MFA). Authentication policy and the Authentication Portal, formerly called Captive Portal, cover these cases by asking the user to prove who they are.
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