An ExecutorService separates submitting tasks from deciding which threads run them. You create one with factory methods in Executors: newSingleThreadExecutor() runs tasks one at a time in order, newFixedThreadPool(n) uses n reusable threads, newCachedThreadPool() grows and shrinks as needed, newScheduledThreadPool(n) runs tasks after a delay or periodically, and newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor() uses a new virtual thread per task.
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