Cosmos DB measures every operation in Request Units (RUs), a single currency that blends CPU, memory and I/O. You provision throughput as RU per second (manual or autoscale) or pay per RU consumed in serverless mode. If you exceed your provisioned RU/s, requests are rate-limited with HTTP 429 and a retry-after hint. Every response reports its cost in the x-ms-request-charge header, which the Python SDK exposes through the last response headers, so you can measure rather than guess.
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